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Physical inactivity is becoming an important threat to public health in today's society. The COVID-19 pandemic has also reduced physical activity (PA) levels given all the restrictions imposed worldwide. In this work, physical activity interventions supported by mobile devices and relying on control engineering principles were proposed. The model was constructed relying on previous studies that consider a fluid analogy of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), which is a psychological theory that describes how people acquire and maintain certain behaviors, including health-promoting behaviors, through the interplay of personal, environmental, and behavioral factors. The obtained model was validated using secondary data (collected earlier) from a real intervention with a group of male subjects in Great Britain. The present model was extended with new technology for a better understanding of behavior change interventions. This involved the use of applications, such as phone-based ecological momentary assessments, to collect behavioral data and the inclusion of simulations with logical reward conditions for reaching the behavioral threshold. A goal of 10,000 steps per day is recommended due to the significant link observed between higher daily step counts and lower mortality risk. The intervention was designed using a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm configured to obtain a desired performance. The system was tested and validated using simulation scenarios that resemble different situations that may occur in a real setting.
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Objectives: This case intended to explore the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral approach via electronic means in treating symptoms associated with Panic Disorder and pre-occupation with health-related concerns. Design of the study: It's a single-case study design for an in-depth understanding of client and the disorder dynamics. Place and Duration of the study: The case study was done via electronic means during Covid-19, from June 2020 to October 2020 in Lahore, Pakistan. Sample and Method: Case study was done on a 24 years old female having Panic Disorder, along with sub-threshold features of Illness Anxiety Disorder. Psycho-diagnostic interview (DSM-V Criteria), CBT assessment form, Panic Disorder Checklist, HFD and TAT used in the initial phase for case conceptualization. Further, techniques from the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy were used for the client's catastrophic thoughts and cognitive distortions to alter her overestimation of threat in reducing her panic attacks. Cognitive Behavior Therapy techniques such as thought reconstruction, grounding techniques along with mindful relaxation techniques also helped the client gain control over her anxious thinking process and pre-occupation with health. Results and Conclusion: CBT techniques helped improve the client's overall functioning, panic attacks were eliminated and preoccupation with health was reduced. The results and client's recovery established that Cognitive Behavior Therapy via online means is an effective approach to treat Panic Disorder and negative thinking process.
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This article will help dementia care service organizations develop and evaluate intervention programs in the absence of evidence-based solutions, which is key, given: the limited access family caregivers have to evidence-based intervention programs;and the need for organizations to use limited resources to develop and test new programs to serve families living with dementia. It draws upon two case studies of interventions developed at an academic-service center: KINDER and Ayudando a Quien Ayuda;evaluates lessons learned in assessing the two programs to refine them by applying the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework, and recommends ways organizations can refine interventions prior to efficacy-testing.
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BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, media sources dedicated significant time and resources to improve knowledge of COVID-19 precautionary behaviors (eg, wearing a mask). Many older adults report using the television, radio, print newspapers, or web-based sources to get information on political news, yet little is known about whether consuming news in the early phase of the pandemic led to behavior change, particularly in older adults. OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to determine (1) whether dosage of news consumption on the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors; (2) whether being an ever-user of social media was associated with engagement in COVID-19 precautionary behaviors; and (3) among social media users, whether change in social media use during the early stages of the pandemic was associated with engagement in COVID-19 precautionary behaviors. METHODS: Data were obtained from a University of Florida-administered study conducted in May and June of 2020. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between traditional news and social media use on COVID-19 precautionary behaviors (eg, mask wearing, hand washing, and social distancing behaviors). Analyses were adjusted for demographic characteristics, including age, sex, marital status, and education level. RESULTS: In a sample of 1082 older adults (mean age 73, IQR 68-78 years; 615/1082, 56.8% female), reporting 0 and <1 hour per day of media consumption, relative to >3 hours per day, was associated with lower engagement in COVID-19 precautionary behaviors in models adjusted for demographic characteristics (ß=-2.00; P<.001 and ß=-.41; P=.01, respectively). In addition, increasing social media use (relative to unchanged use) was associated with engagement in more COVID-19 precautionary behaviors (ß=.70, P<.001). No associations were found between being an ever-user of social media and engaging in COVID-19 precautionary behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated an association between higher media consumption and greater engagement in COVID-19 precautionary behaviors in older adults. These findings suggest that media can be effectively used as a public health tool for communication of prevention strategies and best practices during future health threats, even among populations who are historically less engaged in certain types of media.
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This chapter explores effective instructional and behavior management practices, and their role in creating an environment that promotes student success and student mental well-being. It considers how the evidence-based approaches might recommend mesh with guidance for working with children and youth impacted by trauma. Explicit instruction is a combination of effective teaching practices that have consistently shown to have a positive impact on student achievement. Active student engagement is critical for the learning and success of all students. Effective feedback involves providing information to improve or maintain student performance, and increasing student motivation, engagement, and independence. The implementation of effective instructional practices has been an issue long before the onset of COVID-19. This issue was exacerbated with the arrival of COVID-19 as instructional design, delivery, and assessment transformed into primarily an online environment. Meeting students' learning needs and virtual instruction were two themes that emerged regarding challenges related to learning and instruction during the pandemic. Classroom and behavior management have long been identified as areas of concern for teachers. Rigorous implementation of academic instruction and behavior management practices potentially holds the key to improving both outcomes and overall mental health for countless students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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Focusing on the message creation techniques, this article analyzes the rhetorical devices used for message production in four news agencies, news at 21 pm on channel one of IRIB and Instagram texts during the first months of the spread of the Corona virus. Based on the literature review, research on the management of the production of content related to Covid-19 distributed by the media is important because audiences consume the content in both traditional and modern media and are affected by them. However, previous studies have not analyzed the types of information from the perspective of the rhetorical tools in crisis management. The conceptual framework of the present paper is based on the importance of perception in crisis management and the three categories of Instructing, Adjusting and Internalizing information according to Sturges' theory. The effectiveness of crisis communication depends on the rhetorical and sequence of information presentation during the crisis. So, Instructing information should be provided firstly, then Adjusting information and finally, Internalizing information. Techniques of content production are identified by using qualitative content analysis, identifying the rhetorical devices used in the texts, and the two concepts of schemes and tropes in Leigh's model. Accordingly, a number of 257 news items broadcasted on Iranian National TV, 17519 news items appeared in news agencies and 17 Instagram pages with more than 1000 followers have been analyzed. The findings show that content production techniques can be separated from three perspectives: a) Presentation format: Interview, film, conversation, animation, comic, vector, PowerPoint, and diagram are common formats. b) Content production methods: comparison, explanation, naming, metaphor, emphasis, simplification, and sensitization. c) Content production purpose: the common objectives are judgment, education, informing, hopefulness, panic. In concluding: The presentation format on Instagram has been more diverse than that of television and news agencies. Among the types of content, videos and especially videos that have humorous content and Islamic medicine, have been viewed more than others. Confrontation with anti-science can be seen in news agencies and Instagram, but 21 pm TV broadcasts do not pay attention to this issue. TV and news agencies have used tropes, but no scheme has been used on Instagram. The effectiveness of the content influencing on the behavior change decreases in Instagram, news agency and television, respectively.
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BackgroundThe constant mutation of the coronavirus during the COVID-19 caused enough anxiety and panic, as well as a decline in an otherwise healthy economy. As the economy continued to decline, more and more people had to face the risks and anxiety associated with unemployment. Dysthymia, also known as dissociative disorder, is a complex group of psycho-physical disorders in which, during the course of the illness, the patient manifests involuntary and intermittent loss of the ability to integrate some or all of the psycho-physical functions and is unable to achieve unity in the areas of perception, memory, emotion, behavior and self-awareness.Subjects and MethodsA series of research studies were conducted to investigate the manifestation and treatment of hysteria among the unemployed as a result of the economic recession in the wake of the COVID-19. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy was used to treat the hysterical condition of the unemployed. A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the mental health of the unemployed in a region before and after the epidemic. 56 valid questionnaires were returned, excluding those that were not standardized. The 56 individuals were randomly divided into two equal groups and the subjects in the experimental group were treated with rational emotive behavior therapy, while the subjects in the control group were treated with general psychotherapy. A self-administered psychological assessment scale was used to score the mental health of the subjects before and after the treatment. The scale included indicators of perception, memory, emotion, behavior and self-awareness.ResultsThe degree of self-awareness retained by the two groups of subjects under the self-awareness index was selected for analysis before and after the experiment. The results in Table 1 show that the number of subjects in the experimental group with high, low and no self-awareness were 0, 9 and 19 respectively before the rational emotive behavior treatment;after the treatment, their numbers changed to 5, 21 and 2. On the contrary, the number of subjects in the control group before the general psychotherapy was 0, 7 and 21;after the treatment, their numbers changed to 1, 15 and 12.Table 1.The degree of retention of self-awareness in the two groups of subjects before and after the experimentGroupHigh self-awarenessLow self-awarenessNo self-awarenessExperimental groupBefore treatment0919After treatment5212Control groupBefore treatment0721After treatment11512ConclusionsThrough questionnaires and a comparative experimental setup, it was demonstrated that the hysteria of unemployed people caused by the economic recession in the context of the COVID-19 manifested itself in the areas of perception, memory, emotion, behavior and self-awareness. The use of rational emotive behavioral therapy was able to treat their hysteria phenomenon and alleviate their psychological state of low or even no self-awareness.
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Psychological well-being is vitally important for the quality of life of the elderly and is only increasing in importance with the rapidly increasing elderly population worldwide. Emerging elderly problems include a deterioration in physical function, loss of friends or spouse, reduced social participation, and reduced economic ability. Hence, the importance of coping with and managing stress in the elderly is also rapidly increasing. This study proposed psychotherapy narration was designed to assist elderly mental well-being by combining person-centered therapy, positive psychology, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Extending from current mainstream psychotherapeutic methods, postmodern psychotherapeutic techniques based on various psychological theories or techniques have begun to be more widely applied. However, almost no previous studies have developed a systematic psychotherapy narration for the elderly. Therefore, this study developed a postmodern psychotherapeutic narration and confirmed its aspects by analyzing elderly satisfaction regarding the corresponding emotion. This satisfaction analysis study found the value of the psychotherapy-narrative model according to the elderly's stressful situations and emotions. This study can be an initial model of postmodernist-psychotherapy narration for the elderly. Therefore, based on the model of this study, future-oriented development and research on the diversity of the elderly and the effects of each narration are important. The future of this study will give mental self-sustainability to clients who need psychotherapy.
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Book Review Book Review ;The Distance Cure: A History of Teletherapy, by Hannah Zeavin (MIT Press, 2021) Elizabeth Ellcessor University of Virginia eae2f@virginia.edu We are surrounded by remote or "virtual” therapy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, remote therapy services have been increasingly promoted by insurance companies, podcast advertisements, Reddit forums, and corporate wellness offices as a plausible solution to the rising rates of depression and other mental health concerns exacerbated by death, unemployment, and endless uncertainty. For people with interest or experience using telehealth or app-based mental health services, the last two chapters offer analyses of computer-driven and self-directed therapies. Efforts to broader access to therapy have often relied upon increased mediation to reduce costs and simultaneously reduce the availability of dedicated professional attention.
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Background: We have witnessed a dramatic dip in adherence to cardiovascular health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from across the globe has shown that risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as decreased physical activity, poor diet, and increased depression, loneliness, and stress have peaked during the pandemic. Having been badly affected by the pandemic and having had prolonged periods of countrywide lockdown, the at-risk and established CVD population has faced a major challenge in adhering to a healthy lifestyle in India. Purpose(s): This study aimed to analyze the change in cardiovascular health behaviors brought about by a comprehensive lifestyle intervention program (CLIP) during the pandemic in India. Method(s): All at-risk and CVD patients who had participated in the CLIP from mid 2020 to mid 2022 and had completed the internally validated health behavior assessment questionnaire, pre and post-program, were included in this retrospective study. A multidisciplinary team consisting of Physician, Physiotherapist, Dietician, and Counseling Psychologist provided the sessions online and/or in-person for the home-based and hybrid programs respectively. When a combination of online and in-person sessions were provided for a subject, it was called a hybrid program. The core components of the CLIP were exercise training, education on relevant health topics, nutritional guidance and psychosocial counseling. Result(s): Age of the subjects (n=50) at enrolment was 54+/-13 years and 40 (80%) were male. The time between pre-program and post-program assessments was 110 (IQR 47) days. Number of at-risk and CVD patients attending home-based and hybrid programs are shown in the Figure. There were 4 couples in the study cohort;21 (50%) of the remaining 42 subjects had at least 1 other family member attend the majority of sessions. There was a significant improvement in all the cardiovascular health behaviors, namely adequate daily intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains, choice of heart-healthy foods between meals, sufficient weekly exercise and a reduction in self-reported chronic stress, upon completion of the CLIP (Table). Conclusion(s): A comprehensive lifestyle intervention program that incorporates a multipronged approach to behavior modification is effective in improving cardiovascular health behaviors in individuals at-risk as well as with established cardiovascular disease in India. The ripple effect of behavior modification in the accompanying family members needs to be studied systematically.
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This research investigated whether consistent practice with a simple, low-cost physical activity intervention could lead to behavior change in older adults and, correspondingly, create a personal acknowledgement of this change. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in addition to recognized forms of walking activities, the researchers sought to achieve the fullest possible exposure to data collection tools for the participants to ascertain and confirm behavior change at the conclusion of a twelve-week study. Study participants were either already associated with various New Mexico Senior Olympics, Inc. track and field sporting events or casual walkers who were not affiliated with New Mexico Senior Olympics, Inc. Further, the researchers attempted to show an association between the study participants' intervention results and component steps of a new aging concept, which focuses on awareness, desire to participate, willingness to engage, commitment, knowledge, ability, and epiphany. This research was conducted in its entirety during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The COVID-19 pandemic made the use of technology across K-12 schools mandatory and ubiquitous. This sudden shift in teaching and learning highlighted educational disparities and created service disruptions for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students with disabilities. One disruption, in particular, is the provision of behavioral interventions for CLD students with emotional and behavioral needs while learning at home. Unfortunately, families are often not equipped with the skills and knowledge to implement these interventions, and CLD families need coaching that is responsive to their cultural and linguistic needs. Therefore, in this article, we describe a process that includes (a) funds of knowledge as a framework to challenge teacher perceptions of CLD families by highlighting their cultural and cognitive resources, (b) family coaching using funds of knowledge framework and online tools, (c) key components prior to behavior intervention plan (BIP) development, and (d) a step-by-step description of how the BIP can be developed and implemented at home with CLD families using this coaching model.
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This book contains a compilation of papers presented at the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2022, organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.), held in Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, from 23 to 25 of April 2022. Modern psychology offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, aims ultimately to benefit society. The International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. We take pride in having been able to connect and bring together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. We counted on an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are several nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounters and development. InPACT 2022 received 364 submissions, from more than 35 different countries all over the world, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take the form of Oral Presentations, Posters and Virtual Presentations. 121 submissions (overall, 33% acceptance rate) were accepted for presentation at the conference. The Conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. This book contains the results of the different researches conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to study and develop research in areas related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters that are hereby sharing with us their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. [This document contains the proceedings of the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2022, held in Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, from April 23-25, 2022. The proceedings were published by inScience Press. For the 2021 proceedings, see ED622091.]
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Research is always concerned with the topic of how to cure depressive symptoms or alleviate the symptoms. A central therapeutic goal in cognitive behavioral therapy is cognitive restructuring. At the behavioral level, a particular therapeutic intervention is often used to promote a more positive mindset: a positive effect on the psyche of keeping a happiness diary has already been demonstrated. The results of this work are consistent with others reported in the literature, which is why such studies should also be conducted on clinical groups. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term keeping of the happiness diary and what effect this has on the depressive course symptomatology. Subjects were asked at catamnesis (6 months after the end of therapy) whether they still kept their diary regularly and were then instructed to complete the BDI-II again and return it to the practice. These scores were compared to the initial diagnostic from the patient's therapy period (pre- and post-measure-ment) and analyzed. Subjects who had not continued the happiness diary in the next 6 months after the end of therapy achieved a higher score in the BDI-II compared to the subjects who had continued the happiness diary regularly. The results of this work allow conclusions to be drawn about the importance of relapse prevention in psychotherapy.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether service losses during COVID-19 were associated with worsened parent or child behavioral health among families of children with ASD and to identify factors associated with favorable parent appraisals of habilitative teletherapy (applied behavior analysis, speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy) for their child with ASD. Method(s): This web-based survey study was conducted from May to July 2021. A total of 322 parents of children with ASD responded to the survey (20% response rate). The outcome variables were pandemic-related parent/child behavioral health and appraisal of habilitative teletherapy. Predictors were COVID-19-related services changes in health care or childcare, COVID-19 history (COVID-19 stress, history of testing positive for COVID-19), and child ASD behavior (ASD behaviors, caregiving strain). Result(s): Loss of regular childcare was associated with higher odds of worsened parent mental health (OR = 2.7;95% CI, 1.5-4.8), and higher levels of caregiving strain were associated with worsened child behavioral health (OR = 2.3;95% CI, 1.4-3.8). Higher levels of COVID-19 stress were associated with more favorable appraisals of telehealth (beta =.4;p <.01), while higher caregiving strain scores were associated with less favorable appraisals of telehealth (beta = -.2;p <.01). Conclusion(s): During COVID-19, caregiving factors were associated with worsened parent and child behavioral health. Although telehealth is a promising behavioral service delivery model, telehealth is not preferred by all families. Policy interventions to support caregivers, such as affordable and high-quality childcare and paid family leave, are a high priority in the aftermath of COVID-19. ASD, TVM, PAT Copyright © 2022
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The genesis and availability of internet based health services has metamorphosed the healthcare sector. Not only physical healthcare facilities but also mental health care is now accessible through a stable internet connectivity. The services of internet based programs with assistance of certified therapists through virtual reality, electronic mail, video conferencing, chat technology or any of these combinations (as per the demand of the situation) have emerged as a viable option to traditional in-clinic therapy sessions. Online therapy also exists as an additive to traditional face-to-face therapy. Treatments of anxiety and panic disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through online internet based platforms have posted their efficiency to the world at large. The times of COVID-19 further provided new challenges where internet based online therapy witnessed its establishment as the new standardized practice. The treatment of mental disorders via online therapy has been systematically reviewed in this paper.
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Background: Consuming the carbohydrate-rich portion of meals after vegetables and proteins (CHO-last food order) reduces postprandial glucose and insulin excursions in patients with prediabetes/diabetes compared to the reverse order (CHO-first food order). We implemented a 16-week behavioral intervention to assess the impact of CHO-last food order on body weight and nutrient intake in prediabetes context. Methods: Adults with BMI>25 and HbA1c 5.7-6.4% were randomized to receive standard nutritional counseling (C) or standard nutritional counseling + CHO-last food order counseling (FO). All subjects received 4 monthly counseling sessions and kept exercise (E) stable for 16 wks. Body weight and diet from 3-day food records were assessed at wks 0 and 16. Due to the pandemic, later participants received some or all their counseling via telemedicine. Results: Of 45 randomized subjects, 39 completed the study (C=21, FO=18). Demographics and wk 0 variables (e.g. weight, HbA1c, and caloric intake) were similar in C and FO, except fiber intake (C 24.9 ±10.6 g vs. FO 18.3±6.4 g, p=0.028). E was similar in C and FO at wks 0 and 16. Body weight declined significantly in the FO group (-3.6 ±5.7 lbs, p=0.017;-1.8% ±2.8, p=0.012) and changed for the C group (-2.6 ±6.8 lbs, p=0.102;-1.6% ±3.5, p=0.048), with statistically similar weight change between groups. At wk 16, only C group reduced daily intake of calories (-292.2±505.9 kcal, p=0.016), fat (-13.0±25.4 g, p=0.029), protein (-15.0±26.3 g, p=0.017), and grains (-1.0 ±1.9 oz-equivalents, p=0.027). FO increased daily intake of vegetables (1.0 ±1.6 cups, p=0.019) and protein (2.5±5.1 oz-eq, p=0.05). There was a significant change in protein intake (FO 10.0 ±34.3 g vs. C -15.0 ±26.3 g, p=0.014). Sensitivity analysis of pre-COVID participants showed greater weight loss in FO vs. C (-5.9 ±5.3 lbs, p=0.003;-1.0 ±6.8 lbs, p=0.608). Conclusions: CHO-last food order behavioral counseling led to greater vegetable and protein intake and favorable weight change. Food order can be a useful strategy for weight management. Further study is needed to discern its clinical impact.
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Background: The COVID-19 period highlights a huge problem that has been developing for decades, the control of science by industry. In the 1950s, the tobacco industry set the example, which the pharmaceutical industry followed. Since then, the latter has been regularly condemned for illegal marketing, misrepresentation of experimental results, dissimulation of information about the dangers of drugs, and considered as criminal. Therefore, this study was conducted to show that knowledge is powerfully manipulated by harmful corporations, whose goals are: 1/financial; 2/to suppress our ability to make choices to acquire global control of public health. Methods: Pharmaceutical industry techniques for manipulating science and COVID-19 reporting were reviewed. Several sources of official documents were used: PubMed; National Institutes of Health resources; pharmaceutical companies; policy documents; national newspapers and news agencies; and books by prominent professionals (scientific and legal). A few studies have not been published in peer-reviewed journals; however, they have been conducted by reputable scientists in their respective fields. Results: Since the beginning of COVID-19, we can list the following methods of information manipulation which have been used: falsified clinical trials and inaccessible data; fake or conflict-of-interest studies; concealment of vaccines' short-term side effects and total lack of knowledge of the long-term effects of COVID-19 vaccination; doubtful composition of vaccines; inadequate testing methods; governments and international organizations under conflicts of interest; bribed physicians; the denigration of renowned scientists; the banning of all alternative effective treatments; unscientific and liberticidal social methods; government use of behavior modification and social engineering techniques to impose confinements, masks, and vaccine acceptance; scientific censorship by the media. Conclusion: By supporting and selecting only the one side of science information while suppressing alternative viewpoints, and with obvious conflicts of interest revealed by this study, governments and the media constantly disinform the public. Consequently, the unscientifically validated vaccination laws, originating from industry-controlled medical science, led to the adoption of social measures for the supposed protection of the public but which became serious threats to the health and freedoms of the population.
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Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted daily activities, which led to a change in consumer shopping behavior as well. The aim of this paper is to analyze how shopping behavior of consumers has changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia. Two phases of an omnibus survey of shopping behavior were realized (before COVID-19, January 2018 and during COVID-19 pandemic, November 2020, June 2021). The research indicates that consumption patterns changed before and during the pandemic. The majority of Slovak consumers purchased their food at large stores before and during the pandemic. The pandemic resulted in panic shopping among a third of consumers in Slovakia. About more than tenth of Slovak consumers used online shopping more often than before pandemic.